44 Dependent samples t-tests were used to determine if there were significant differences in assistant principals’ perceived level of competence in each of the 21 leadership responsibilities after the completion of the aspiring principal program. The researcher used a 0.05 significance level in SPSS to determine significance. This required 21 hypotheses and dependent samples t-tests: one for each leadership responsibility where aspiring principal participants and principals rated their perceived level of competence. The null and alternative hypotheses were as follows: Research Question 1 (RQ1) Is there a difference in assistant principals’ perceived level of competence after completing the aspiring principal program? H10–H210: There is no difference in the assistant principals’ perceived level of competence after completing the aspiring principal program. µpre-assessment = µpost-assessment H1–H21: There is a difference in assistant principals’ perceived level of competence after completing the aspiring principal program. µpre-assessment ≠ µpost-assessment Lorie Cooper Squalls, Ed.D. Table 2 Dependent Samples t-Test–21 Leadership Responsibilities Leadership responsibility Pre-test Mean Post-test Mean Mean Difference p Values Sig Difference Effect Size Affirmation 3.7000 4.3000 .60000 .005 Y 1.16 Change Agent 3.8000 4.2000 .40000 .105 N .57 Communication 4.1000 4.4000 .30000 .081 N .62 Contingent Rewards 3.3000 3.9000 .60000 .051 N .71 Culture 4.1000 4.8000 .70000 .001 Y 1.45 Discipline 4.2000 4.5000 .30000 .193 N .44 Flexibility 3.7000 4.3000 .60000 .005 Y 1.16 Focus 3.7000 4.2000 .50000 .015 Y .95 Ideals/Beliefs 4.2000 4.5000 .30000 .081 N .62 Input 3.5000 4.4000 .90000 .004 Y 1.22 Intellectual Stimulation 3.3000 3.6000 .30000 .279 N .36 Involvement in CIA 3.9000 4.0000 .10000 .591 N .18 Knowledge in CIA 4.2000 4.7000 .50000 .015 Y .95 Monitor and Evaluate 3.4000 4.1000 .70000 .001 Y 1.45 Optimize 3.2000 3.6000 .40000 .104 N .57 Order 4.0000 4.3000 .30000 .193 N .44 Outreach 3.5000 3.7000 .20000 .443 N .25 Relationships 4.2000 4.4000 .20000 .168 N .47 Resources 3.6000 4.4000 .80000 .003 Y 1.27 Situational Awareness 3.8000 4.3000 .52705 .015 Y .95 Visibility 4.4000 4.7000 .30000 .193 N .44 Note: Leadership Responsibilities in bold indicate a significant finding. If the p value was .05 or less, the null hypothesis was rejected, indicating a significant difference in the pre-assessment and post-assessment scores. An analysis of Figure 2 Dependent Samples t-Test–21 Leadership Responsibilities
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