Ducere Est Servire “To Lead is to Serve” THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY FALL 2025
1 Volume 4 Fall 2025 Ducere Est Servire “To Lead is to Serve” THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY
3 CONTENTS Preface. ......................................................................................................................4 Michael Whiting, Editor The Bard and the Bulldog: How Shakespeare's Henry V Influenced the Leadership Rhetoric of Winston Churchill..................................................................................6 Brent Taylor Reframing Leadership: The Impact of Introverted Archetypes on Leadership Beliefs........................................................................................................................28 Mario Stresow Character Forged in Adversity: Martin Niemöller's Leadership Development, 1933-1947.................................................................................................................36 Jon Dooley .The Relationship Between Servant Leadership, Emotional Intelligence, Burnout, and the Intent to Quit in Education Professionals..........................................................53 Rickeshea Todd Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Prophetic Leadership.........................................................69 Steve Stanley BOOK REVIEW..........................................................................................81 DOCTORAL GRADUATES AND DISSERTATIONS 2024-25..................85 Ducere Est Servire “To Lead is to Serve” THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY VOLUME 4 (FALL 2025)
4 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY Preface Dr. Michael S. Whiting Editor / Associate Professor of Christian History & Leadership I am beyond pleased to present to you the fourth volume of Ducere Est Servire. Once again, we are sharing with you the excellent work accomplished by our doctoral candidates and graduates of the Cook School of Leadership. This edition, like the three others before, provide a wide array of interests on the topic of leadership that reflects the unique individuality of callings, professions, and passions among our students. Thank you for taking time to read the fruit of their hard work. Three essays look distinctively at the era of the World Wars, a pivotal time period that continues to haunt and to fascinate historians, political scientists, theologians, and leadership ethicists. Dr. Brent Taylor looks at the influence of Shakespearean literature on the leadership rhetoric of British prime minister Winston Churchhill. Under the evil system of Nazism, Dr. Jon Dooley analyzes the moral leadership development of Martin Niemöller, and Dr. Steve Stanley highlights Dietrich Bonhoeffer as a paragon of prophetic leadership. Two other articles in this volume focus on quantitative studies in the field of organizational culture, including an essay on introverted leadership by Dr. Mario Stresow and the relationship of emotional intelligence and servant leadership to resiliency in the teaching profession by Dr. Rickeshea Todd. As these essays demonstrate, leadership in the Kingdom of God is a high calling, but it comes with a warning that challenges will have to be faced and sacrifices endured. William Carey (1761-1834) has always inspired me for the perseverance of his calling through uncertainties, losses, and years of labor without success. I often tell my students if there was ever any person who could
5 ever doubt a calling it was Carey. Carey was a Baptist minister who was ignited with a passion to bring the Gospel to the lost people of India. Carey would leave England with his family never to return, and today he lies buried in Serampore following forty years of laboring ministry. Renown today as the "Father of Modern Missions," what might be less known are the many sufferings that Carey endured. Just a list of several of the crises that Carey faced should give you a taste of his struggle: lack of support from his denomination in England, loss of two children (one in India), death of two spouses (both in India), no conversions for his first seven years of ministry. In his journals, Carey frequently describes days when he felt distant from the presence of the Lord and a cooling of his zeal for the work. Yet Carey, so assured of his call and its importance, never gave up. In fact, he and his colleagues drafted a powerful vision for missions in 1804 known as the "Serampore Agreement" to keep the team focused and sustained through their labors. Among the ten articles included a compassion for lost souls, devotion to prayer, and viewing life as a stewardship. These three alone are essential for any calling of Christian leadership. We must remember why we lead: to serve others. We must remember in whose strength we lead: by prayer. And we must remember in whose Name we lead: as God's stewards. Further Reading: Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William Carey by Timothy George The Journal and Selected Letters of William Carey edited by Terry G. Carter
6 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY The Bard and the Bulldog: How Shakespeare's Henry V Influenced the Leadership Rhetoric of Winston Churchill Brent Taylor, Ph.D., D.Min. Dr. Brent Taylor (Leadership Studies, '24) serves as Senior Pastor of First Baptist Church at The Fields in Carrollton, Texas. William Shakespeare might be labeled a “man of many words.” The plays, poems, and sonnets penned by the writer have been analyzed and over-analyzed down to the smallest jot and tittle. The Bard of Stratford left us with 884,647 words spread over 118,406 lines, including 138,198 commas, 15,785 question marks, and 36,794 colons. Words like “dunghill” are mentioned ten times, “bloody” 226 times, “hath” 2,069 times, and “has” 409 times. Within all those lines, there are 31,959 speeches of various lengths.1 Shakespeare was a man of many words and infinitely more analysis. In addition, no writer of the English language holds more acclaim for influence upon generations of both scholars and the uneducated. His phrases and quips have become a regular part of the common vernacular. “The better part of valor is discretion” (Henry IV, Part 1, V.iv.), “all that glitters is not gold” (The Merchant of Venice, II.vii.), and “all the world’s a stage” (As You Like It, II.vii.) are lines penned by Shakespeare that have become as common as modern slang like “LOL” and calling someone “The GOAT.” The writings of Shakespeare are not only deep in their content but also broad in their breadth of influence. Shakespeare’s words have influenced many leaders over history, but maybe none so much as Winston Churchill. Famed newsman Edward R. Murrow, in a radio broadcast on November 30, 1954, said Churchill “mobilized the English language and sent it into battle.”2 Churchill was
7 prolific in his speeches and writings, and his understanding of English history informed each discourse. As Great Britain’s leader in its darkest hours of the twentieth century, Churchill looked to Shakespeare for inspiration bolstering the prime minister and nation’s sense of shared destiny. As Murrow went on to say of Churchill, “He spoke the language of Shakespeare with a direct urgency which I have never before heard in that House.”3 Like Abraham Lincoln and many other world leaders, Churchill loved Shakespeare. His speeches are filled with references to plays from Macbeth to Hamlet to A Midsummers Night’s Dream. Churchill memorized five of Shakespeare’s plays in their entirety.4 The struggle and strife in the context of histories and tragedies spoke to the prime minister’s soul and the realities he faced. Knowing every child who had grown up in the British school system had been made well-acquainted with the Bard, Churchill could easily make direct quotes or subtle allusions, knowing his audience would not fail to grasp the reference. During World War II, no Shakespearean drama had a more significant influence upon Churchill than Henry V. In 1944, the great Shakespearean dramatist and filmmaker Laurence Olivier produced Henry V in technicolor. Churchill, who was rallying the nation against inestimable odds, wholeheartedly endorsed the project. Filming began just before the Normandy invasion, and the movie was released in November just after Churchill had marched into a newly liberated Paris. The prime minister loved Shakespeare, Olivier, Henry V, and great victories.5 Like the war in Europe, Churchill found victory to be sweet in Shakespeare’s play and Olivier’s film. During his lifetime, and certainly in the throes of battle, Churchill fashioned himself a modern Henry V. As Lehrman writes, “Churchill had the romantic imagination to feel himself an heir to King Henry V. As a young cavalry officer, he had been no less bold, no less brave.”6 Churchill referred to Henry V’s empire as “a gleam of splendour” that “falls across the dark, troubled, story of medieval England.”7 Churchill well understood the dark, troubled times of modern England and believed that like the fifteenth-century monarch, he would overcome.
8 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY Both Henry V and Winston Churchill faced enormous odds and persevered to victory. Both men are hailed as positive examples of courageous leadership by some and as Machiavellian tyrants by others. However, whether viewed in a positive light or with disdain, both Henry V and Churchill have achieved a mythical status as heroes, leaders, and rhetoricians. This essay will demonstrate how William Shakespeare’s Henry V influenced Winston Churchill’s leadership by modeling inspirational rhetoric to his countrymen, insult and intimidation to his enemies, and courage in the face of overwhelming odds. Inspirational Rhetoric to His Countrymen For leaders in times of war, mobilizing the troops is more than just coordinating logistics of transfers, supplies, and strategy. Mobilization also includes motivation and inspiration, elements a good leader will not overlook. At the siege of Harfleur in the opening of Act III, Shakespeare fills Henry’s mouth with inspirational rhetoric in the heat of conflict. Each word is well chosen to remind his men of the cause in which they fight, for whom they battle, and their homeland, which depends upon their valor. Henry’s vivid language strategically directs his warriors and spurs them forward into battle.8 Knowing his men would be filled with a fear common to the battlefield, Henry inspires them through the balance of bravery and sacrifice. He cries, “Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more; /Or close the wall up with our English dead.”9 The king seeks to inspire his men to pay the ultimate sacrifice, if necessary, to achieve the objective. He calls them “dear friends,” indicating they are not pawns in a game that he easily discards but companions in strife and fellow countrymen living for something greater than themselves. Churchill, similarly, found inspirational rhetoric to be one of his greatest weapons of war. In a speech entitled, “A Time to Dare and Endure” given at the Manchester Free Trade Hall on January 27, 1940, Churchill challenged the English people into the breach: “There is no time for ease and comfort. It is time to dare and endure.” He went on to say, Come then: Let us to the task, to the battle, to the toil – each to our part, each to our station. Fill the armies, rule
9 THE BARD AND THE BULLDOG the air, pour out the munitions, strangle the U boats, sweep the mines, plough the land, build the ships, guard the street, succour the wounded, uplift the downcast, and honour the brave. Let us go forward together in all parts of the Empire, in all parts of the Island. There is not a week, nor a day, nor an hour to lose.10 Like Henry, Churchill recognized the urgency of the moment and understood the leader’s role in calling people to sacrifice for a greater cause. That “greater cause” required creativity in both leader’s speeches. Henry often uses animal imagery to inspire his soldiers into action. Again at Harfleur, the king says: In peace there’s nothing so becomes a man As modest stillness and humility: But when the blast of war blows in our ears, Then imitate the action of the tiger . . . (III.i.4-7) He calls his tigers to “set the teeth, and stretch the nostrils wide” (III.i.16). Appealing to their animal instincts, Henry calculates his words to raise up vicious warriors ready to pounce. In the same speech, he changes the imagery from a tiger prepared to attack to dogs ready to be unleashed. Henry looks at his men and says, “I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips, / Straining upon the start” (III.i.33-34). Henry inspires his men to be as fierce as tigers and swift as greyhounds as they besiege Harfleur. Churchill loved animals. He considered his pets to be not only his cats and dogs but also his goldfish, cows, pigs, and beloved ducks he believed he had trained.11 Churchill took cues from Henry’s speeches and would recall animal-like characteristics in his efforts to inspire the British people. He encouraged tenacity by reminding them, “The nose of the bulldog is slanted backward so that he can breathe without letting go.”12 In his first speech before the House of Commons as prime minister, Churchill opined, “Let party interest be ignored, let all our energies be harnessed, let the whole ability and forces of the nation be hurled
10 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY into the struggle, and let all the strong horses be pulling on the collar.”13 Whether tigers, greyhounds, bulldogs, or horses, both Churchill and Henry understood the animal imagery leaders could use to inspire others. That type of inspiration by Henry motivates his men at Harfleur with a call to remember their families as well as their homeland. Knowing the inherent love a warrior has for his home, both familial and as a citizen, Henry appeals to their honor. On, on, you noblest English. Whose blood is fet from fathers of war-proof! Fathers that, like so many Alexanders, Have in these parts from morn till even fought And sheathed their swords for lack of argument. (III.i.18-22) Dishonour not your mothers; now attest That those whom you call’d fathers did beget you. Be copy now to men of grosser blood, And teach them how to war. And you, good yeoman, Whose limbs were made in England, show us here The mettle of your pasture; let us swear That you are worth your breeding; which I doubt not; For there is none of you so mean and base, That hath not noble lustre in your eyes. (III.i.23-32) The irony of Henry’s appeal to honoring one’s parentage is not lost on the student of Shakespeare. Henry IV Parts I and II demonstrate the constant frustration of the aging king over the often-reckless abandon and disrespectful behavior of Prince Hal, the future Henry V. Now, Henry calls his men not to dishonor their families but rise above their fears like he rose above his youthful indiscretions. Churchill, too, knew the importance of appealing to honoring family and homeland. In November 1943, Churchill spoke to the boys of Harrow School where he had attended. In a speech entitled “Let Vision Guide Our Steps,” Churchill encouraged the boys by saying:
11 THE BARD AND THE BULLDOG We cannot doubt; we need not doubt. If we do our duty, victory will be our reward . . . . We shall once again have brought the great British Commonwealth, and all it stands for, safely through one of the greatest convulsions which have ever shaken humanity . . . . You young men here may be in the battle, in the fields or in the high air . . . but let keen vision, courage and humanity guide our steps . . . .”14 Churchill made sure to include the duty and honor demanded of the boys of Harrow for their nation, and ultimately, their families. Whether speaking to troops in the field or future soldiers, sailors, and airmen at a boys’ school, Churchill understood what Henry also knew: people are inspired when called to protect that which they hold most dear—their home and homeland. The speech Henry gives at Harfleur closes with an emotional appeal to God and the country. In a short flurry of phrases, Henry spurs on his men with words that affirm friendship, the homeland, and faith: “The game’s afoot. / Follow your spirit, and upon this charge / Cry ‘God for Harry, England, and Saint George!” (III.i.34-36). Henry reminds his men they not only fight for him as king, but they fight for their land they love so dearly. Even more so, they fight a righteous war under the leadership of Saint George. Shakespeare puts a key phrase in Harry’s mouth when he says, “Cry ‘God for . . .’ This battle is not just about doing the Lord’s work. It is the Lord working on their behalf. Henry’s speech demonstrates motivation from a man driven by divine inspiration. Churchill, similarly, drew on divine inspiration. Alan Stone writes, “During World War I, as Britain suffered through the horrible sacrifice of its young men in the muddy trenches of France, an invincible Henry V reminded audiences that God was on their side. No wonder that Churchill in his darkest hours thought to call on the glory of Henry V once again.”15 Churchill understood the importance of appealing to God in the nation’s hour of need. In a 1940 speech entitled, “Be Ye Men of Valour,” Churchill, like Henry, appealed to the Most High as being on the side of England.
12 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY Today is Trinity Sunday. Centuries ago, words were written to be a call and a spur to the faithful servants of Truth and Justice: “Arm yourselves, and be ye men of valour, and be in readiness for the conflict; for it is better for us to perish in battle than to look upon the outrage of our nation and our altar.”16 Churchill understood the need for divine intervention in the affairs of state and frequently spoke to the nation of faith in God’s protection. In a September 11, 1940, speech at the start of the Blitz, Churchill said, “It is with devout but sure confidence that I say: Let God defend the right.”17 In essence, he was echoing Henry’s call to his brave warriors at Harfleur. In both scenarios, the leaders believed they were “the right.” Like Henry’s call to his men (III.i.35), Churchill followed his spirit upon this charge. Peter Northouse refers to factors essential to be a transformational leader, and a key component is the ability to inspire others. Inspiration uses “symbols and emotional appeals to focus group members’ efforts to achieve more than they would in their own self-interest.”18 Both Henry and Churchill understood the need to inspire their followers into action. Good leaders know that inspiration is critical to the success of a mission involving large groups of people. Moving teams to accomplish a mission requires the ability to rally hearts, focus minds, and draw up mettle from within. Henry delivers several key inspirational speeches of varying potency, but the goal is to motivate his men to achieve more than any one of them could do alone. Churchill sought to inspire a nation in a multi-year world war. He undoubtedly knew that what he said and how he said it mattered to his leadership and the people’s belief in victory. As his principal private secretary, John Martin, stated, “He made his countrymen feel that they were playing a part on the great stage of history and that, whatever our immediate tribulations, this was indeed their ‘finest hour.’”19 Henry’s warriors likely shared the same sentiment toward their king.
13 THE BARD AND THE BULLDOG Insult and Intimidation to Enemies Like the Assyrians in 2 Kings 18 calling to the Jewish people inside the walls of Jerusalem to surrender, Act III, scene iii begins with a speech by King Henry to the citizens of Harfleur. Following the siege, the townspeople are broken and abandoned by their French monarch. Without supplies or military support, they face certain defeat and possible death. In an attempt to end the siege and avoid further bloodshed, Henry calls out to the governor of the town. The historical Henry faced Harfleur with his army in danger. Already a third of his army was dead or very sick due to disease.20 To defeat the town with as little bloodshed as possible, Henry sends his rhetoric into battle. In his impassioned speech, Henry shows contempt and disdain for his enemies and leverages his rhetoric to force the town into submission. How yet resolves the governor of the town? This is the latest parle we will admit; Therefore to our best mercy give yourselves; Or like to men proud of destruction Defy us to our worst: for, as I am a soldier, A name that in my thoughts becomes me best. (III.iii.1-6) Henry knows the town has little chance of overcoming his army and encourages them to humble themselves in defeat. At the same time, he reminds them that he is a soldier and is unafraid of doing his duty should they refuse. The brutal nature of Henry’s taunts is often criticized for being vicious and cruel. Threatening the city and its inhabitants, Henry says: If I begin the battery once again, I will not leave the half-achieved Harfleur Till in her ashes she lie buried. The gates of mercy shall be all shut up . . . . (III.iii.7-10) Not to let up, he further describes what will happen to their women and children at the hands of his unleashed warriors:
14 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY And the flesh’d soldier, rough and hard of heart, In liberty of bloody hand shall range With conscience wide as hell, mowing like grass Your fresh-fair virgins and your flowering infants. (III.iii.11-14) Relentless in messaging and tone, Henry continues to insult and intimidate the people of Harfleur with more threats of what awaits their people if they choose to hold out any longer: “What is’t to me, when you yourselves are cause, / If your pure maidens fall into the hand / Of hot and forcing violation” (III.iii.19-21). Henry paints a terrible vision of the consequences of resistance. Claiming the inability to stay the hands of his warriors once released, Henry, no doubt, sends a chill down the spine of the inhabitants when he proclaims: We may as bootless spend our vain command Upon the enraged soldiers in their spoil As send precepts to the leviathan To come ashore. (III.iii.24-27) Whiles yet my soldiers are in my command; Whiles yet the cool and temperate wind of grace O’erblows the filthy and contagious clouds Of heady murder, spoil and villany. If not, why, in a moment look to see The blind and bloody soldier with foul hand Defile the locks of your shrill-shrieking daughters; Your fathers taken by the silver beards, And their most reverend heads dash’d to the walls, Your naked infants spitted upon pikes . . . (III.iii.29-38) Designed to intimidate the enemy in submission, Henry pushes to the edge of ethics and humanity. E. A. Rauchut cites British historian Barbara Donagan who notes Henry’s threats, “while savage indeed, were also standard. Towns that refused to surrender when summoned to do so knew that troops forced to a storm were then free to sack and kill,” actions which were, “as Shakespeare and his audience knew, within the terms of the ‘laws’ that still
15 THE BARD AND THE BULLDOG governed the conduct of enemies to each other in war.”21 Others have noted that while the real Henry allowed for the spoils of war based on Deuteronomy 20, the threats of rape were additions made by Shakespeare.22 Whether real or inserted by Shakespeare, the vicious threats by King Henry produce the desired results. The governor of Harfleur calls back, “We yield our town and lives to thy soft mercy. / Enter our gates; dispose of us and ours; / For we no longer are defensible” (III.iii.48-50). Insult and intimidation by the king resulted in no more bloodshed for either side and opened a door for mercy. Henry instructs his right-hand man: Come, uncle Exeter, Go you and enter Harfleur; there remain, And fortify it strongly ‘gainst the French: Use mercy to them all. (III.iii.52-55) The Harfleur speech contains some of the most startling imagery in all of Shakespeare’s writings. As Maureen Audrey Potts writes, “The sheer force of Henry’s mighty speech moves his audience to admiration and to do exactly what Henry wants them to do, surrender.”23 No doubt, the audience in Shakespeare’s theaters felt the same admiration. With all the bloodthirsty threats, Henry’s ultimate goal is surrender. Once full surrender is achieved, the call for mercy allows him to look generous against the backdrop of his venomous rhetoric. Winston Churchill was no stranger to using sharp words against his foes. Knowing that courage can be modeled on both the battlefield and in a war of words, Churchill made sure to engage the fight on both fronts. Sometimes his insults were focused directly toward the enemy, be it Mussolini, Hitler, Nazism, or Communism. At other times, his words were directed to his fellow countrymen with promises of the enemy’s certain defeat. An example of inspiring his troops by directing vitriol toward the enemy took place in 1943. In an October 11 message delivered to Lieutenant-General Jacob L. Devers and Air Chief Marshall Sir Arthur
16 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY Harris, Churchill asked that it be communicated that “we shall together inexorably beat the life out of industrial Germany (author’s italics), and thus hasten the day of final victory.”24 Seeking to inspire the Royal Air Force, Churchill promised to pummel Germany’s manufacturing and knew his brave airmen would lead the fight. On December 23, 1940, Churchill addressed the people of Italy in both English and Italian. Churchill appealed to their long friendship by saying, “We have always been such friends . . . We have never been foes till now.”25 But Churchill directed his attack at Mussolini and his minions. “It is all because of one man. One man and one man alone has ranged the Italian people in deadly struggle.”26 Churchill continued, “after eighteen years of unbridled power he has led your country to the horrid verge of ruin.” Churchill had sought to offer peace talks with the dictator, but those requests were rejected. “Anyone can see who it was wanted peace, and who it was that meant to have war.”27 He closed with, “There is where one man, and one man only, has led you; and there I leave this unfolding story until the day comes—as come it will— when the Italian nation will once more take a hand in shaping its own fortunes.”28 Churchill spoke directly to the Italian people to denigrate the evil of their leaders. He knew doing so would embolden anti-Mussolini forces within the country and strengthen his fellow Brits’ resolve. Mussolini, however, was not Churchill’s greatest foe. Before almost anyone else in the British government, Churchill had a premonition about Adolph Hitler. Starting in the 1930s, Churchill raised concerns about that “bad man” and warned his fellow MPs to take him seriously. He had read Hitler’s Mein Kampf, and unlike many others, he took Hitler at his word. “Stop it! Stop it! Stop it now!!!” he said in 1936. “Hitler constitutes the greatest danger for the British Empire!”29 The British ruling class continued to “take its weekend in the country,” Churchill criticized, while “Hitler takes his countries in the weekend.”30 Like Henry, Churchill refused to back up or back down in the face of the enemy. Both Churchill and Hitler were artists and painters, and Churchill would rhetorically paint Hitler “a wicked man,” the “monstrous product of former wrongs and shame” and said that, “Europe will not yield itself to Hitler’s gospel of hatred.”31 In one of his most
17 famous broadcasts of the Soviet-German War in 1941, Churchill continued his intimidation and insults: Hitler is a monster of wickedness, insatiable in his lust for blood and plunder. Not content with having all Europe under his heel or else terrorized into various forms of abject submission, he must now carry his work of butchery and desolation among the vast multitudes of Russia and of Asia . . . So now this bloodthirsty guttersnipe must launch his mechanized armies upon new fields of slaughter, pillage and devastation . . . . We have but one aim and one single irrevocable purpose. We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. From this nothing will turn us. Nothing. We will never parley; we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. We shall fight him by land; we shall fight him by sea; we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its people from his yoke. Churchill made his voice heard to the people of the world and clearly expressed his willingness to fight to the finish. He would not allow Hitler to be characterized in any way other than the evil, vile man he was. “If Hitler invaded Hell,” he once remarked, “I would at least make a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.”32 To his Assistant Private Secretary, John Colville, Churchill would write, “I hate nobody except Hitler—and that is professional.”33 Despite their courageous rhetoric, both Henry and Churchill have been labeled “Machiavellian” as leaders. The vicious nature of Henry’s speech to the people of Harfleur or the execution of French soldiers at Agincourt are often cited as examples of his cruelty. Churchill’s critics point to his willingness to “drench Germany with poison gas, and if we do it, let us do it one hundred percent.”34 While sound arguments are made for Machiavellian tendencies in both, equally strong arguments are made for demonstrating overwhelming strength toward the enemy to bring an end to the conflict, prevent further bloodshed, and victory for the cause. As Eliot A. Cohen makes note to modern leaders: “ShakeTHE BARD AND THE BULLDOG
18 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY speare teaches us to see leaders in the round, not concealing their faults and vices but admiring and even wondering at their virtues.”35 Both Henry and Churchill understood leadership sometimes requires a bold and brash confrontation with the enemy. The Bible is filled with stories of leaders verbally confronting the enemies of God. Jesus boldly spoke to the devil and his demons as well as to the misdirected religious leaders. Beyond Scripture, great leaders often seek to intimidate and insult their enemies. Whether it is Henry against the French people, Odysseus against the Cyclops, or Muhammed Ali against Joe Frazier, great leaders understand the pathway to victory often leads to a war of words to soften up the enemy and strengthen allies. Courage in the Face of Overwhelming Odds It can be argued that Henry V would not be the play held in such high esteem as it is were if not for the St. Crispian’s Day speech in Act IV. Considered one of the greatest speeches in all of Shakespeare, Henry’s oration to his officers on the precipice of the battle brings the soldiers courage in the face of overwhelming odds. Both the “unto the breach” discourse at Harfluer and the inspiring St. Crispian’s Day speech call his men to fortitude in battle and courage in the grand campaign. Following the wish of Westmoreland that more men from England were present for the fight, the noble king interrupts his knights to instill courage in their hearts: What’s he that wishes so? My cousin Westmoreland? No, my fair cousin; If we are mark’d to die, we are enough To do our country loss; and if to live, The fewer men, the greater share of honour. God’s will! I pray thee, wish not one man more. (IV.iii.21-26) In his A History of the English Speaking Peoples, Churchill notes Henry actually said, “Wot you not that the Lord with these few can overthrow the pride of the French?”36 Whether the terse version of Churchill or the immortal form of Shakespeare, Henry understands that leaders often
19 must demand of their followers a raising of the head and lifting of the eyes. The downcast rarely succeed, and he must encourage his men to focus not on what they lack but on the honor they will gain. Henry’s men had every reason to fear the heavily lopsided battle before them. Historians debate each army’s size, but it is generally agreed the English had between 6,000-9,000 men in arms facing a French army between 12,000 to 15,000.37 Also, the battle took place in France, far away from English reinforcements. The French troops were fresh for action, while Henry and his men had been on a campaign since early August, including a five-week siege of Harfleur. Now in October, the two armies would square off in a disproportionate bloodletting on a sacred day. St. Crispian’s Day remembers two brothers, Crispin and Crispian, beheaded on October 25, 285 or 286, by Diocletian for preaching the Gospel.38 Just as Crispin and Crispian faced their deaths with courage, so Henry calls his men to great valor though the odds were against them. He allows the coward to walk away from the fight. Rather proclaim it, Westmoreland, through my host, That he which hath no stomach to this fight, Let him depart; his passport shall be made, And crowns for convoy put into his purse; We would not die in that man’s company That fears his fellowship to die with us. (IV.iii.37-42) To those who remain belongs the honor. Those who survive will “stand o’tiptoe when this day is named” (IV.iii.45) and will each year at the feast “strip his sleeve and show his scars” (IV.iii.50). Henry demonstrates one of the greatest leadership traits, a vision for a better future.39 He stirs his men with an image of future glory and reward. That reward is not silver or gold, but something far greater, honor. THE BARD AND THE BULLDOG
20 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY Old men forget; yet all shall be forgot, But he’ll remember, with advantages, What feats he did that day. Then shall our names, Familiar in his mouth as household words- Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter, Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester- Be in their flowing cups freshly rememb’red. This story shall the good man teach his son; And Crispin Crispian shall ne’er go by, From this day to the ending of the world, But we in it shall be remembered . . . . (IV.iii.51-61) Henry casts a vision of a compelling future based upon their courage this day. He speaks of the reward at home that will be theirs because they fought bravely against the French and against the odds. Their names will be remembered, and their stories told to the next generation. He allows them to see a compelling future of what could be and, in doing so, overcomes fear with visionary courage. Great leaders are vision-casters who understand what a Frenchman named Antoine de Saint-Exupery is credited with saying: “If you want to build a ship, don’t drum up people to collect wood and don’t assign them tasks and work, but rather teach them to long for the endless immensity of the sea.”40 Effective vision-casting is critical in leadership. Rotberg writes, “Successful leaders are consummate visionaries, know how expertly to mobilize followers and citizens behind their visions, and intuitively understand that to turn a vision and a mobilized following into a transformational force they, as leaders, must retain that difficult to define quality known as legitimacy.”41 Henry closes his speech with an appeal to brotherhood and sacrifice: We few, we happy few, we band of brothers; For he to-day that sheds his blood with me Shall be my brother; be he ne’er so vile, This day shall gentle his condition; And gentlemen in England now-a-bed
21 Shall think themselves accurs’d they were not here, And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks That fought with us upon Saint Crispin’s day. (IV.iii.62-69) The call to courage from Henry is more than a duty of the soldier. Henry calls them a “band of brothers.” Though they are few, they are happy because their honor, sacrifice, and courage will long be remembered. They are brave men and will never have to hang their heads when back in England. From this position, Henry calls his men to ready their minds, take their places, and engage in the fight. Perhaps no two leaders in English history could relate more to the need for courage in the face of overwhelming odds than Henry V and Winston Churchill. Churchill wrote, “Courage is rightly esteemed the first of human qualities . . . because it is the quality which guarantees all others.”42 Leading England as the countries of Europe fell to Nazi occupation, Churchill faced an incomparable crisis during his time as prime minister. He understood the threat of the Nazi onslaught and did not hide it from the British people. As each country fell, Britain found itself once again focused on France. Now they were not facing a French army like Henry, but together with France facing Hitler and the Nazis. In speech after speech, Churchill called upon the British people to “screw their courage to the sticking place / And we’ll not fail” (Macbeth, I.vii.70-71). On May 13, 1940, Churchill gave his first speech as prime minister to the House of Commons. He used the address to call up courage in the British people resonating with Henry’s familiar strains at Agincourt: You ask, what is our policy? I can say: It is to wage war, by sea, land, and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be . . . . THE BARD AND THE BULLDOG
22 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY But I take up my task with buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. At this time I feel entitled to claim the aid of all, and I say, “Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength.”43 On June 4, 1940, Churchill reported to the House of Commons on the miraculous evacuation of troops at Dunkirk. Once again calling for courage in the face of overwhelming odds, Churchill told the people: We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender . . . .44 A few months later, Churchill’s connection with the former king would be even more evident. In a speech to the House of Commons on August 20, 1940, Churchill echoed Henry’s St. Crispin’s Day’s appeal to “We few, we happy few, we band of brothers”: The gratitude of every home in our Island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world, except in the abodes of the guilty, goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of the world war by their prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.45 The British people, educated from an early age in Shakespeare, would have clearly heard Churchill’s echo of Henry as he spoke of so much owed by so many to “so few.” Churchill had learned from his reading of history and Shakespeare the importance of appealing to family and homeland when arousing cour-
23 age in people. Knowing people will fight harder for those things they love, Churchill frequently drew upon the imagery of Henry’s St. Crispian’s Day speech. On February 3, 1943, Churchill delivered a speech to the men of the Eighth Army at Tripoli. Like Henry, Churchill appealed to the future acclaim that would be theirs: Let me then assure you, soldiers and airmen, that your fellow-countrymen regard your joint work with admiration and gratitude, and that after the war when a man is asked what he did it will be quite sufficient for him to say, "I marched and fought with the Desert Army." And when history is written and all the facts are known, our feats will gleam and glow and will be a source of song and story long after we who are gathered here have passed away..46 Conclusion Winston Churchill fashioned himself an heir to the leadership legacy of Henry V, and the Second World War allowed him to prove his mettle against a ferocious Nazi army devouring Europe. As a strong leader, historian, and student of Shakespeare, Churchill inspired his countrymen, insulted and intimidated his enemies, and summoned internal fortitude that roused the nation’s courage. Like his hero, Henry V, his rhetoric gave hope in perilous times, brought comfort to his brothersin-arms, and outlined a pathway to victory. Henry and Churchill both believed they were “walking in destiny” as leaders, and it was their responsibility to lead their nation even if it meant their own death. In a May 28, 1940, speech, Churchill summoned his inner Henry and stated, “We shall fight on, and if this long island story of ours is to end at last, let it end only when each of us lies choking in his own blood upon the ground.”47 Shakespeare’s Henry V is both a work of history and fiction. The characters are true, and some of his actual words endure. However, it is the Bard that put immortal speeches into the mouth of Henry, crafting an ongoing legacy. Winston Churchill took the historical Henry and the words of Shakespeare and changed the course of history. Ten years after World War II ended, Churchill said of his wartime role that it was THE BARD AND THE BULLDOG
24 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY Britain that “had the lion’s heart.” He merely “had the luck to be called upon to give the roar.”48 Both Henry V, through the pen of Shakespeare, and Winston Churchill roar loudly for leaders today. Notes 1 Bill Bryson, Shakespeare: The World as Stage (New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., 2007), 17. 2 Lewis E. Lehrman, “Lincoln, Churchill & D-Day,” June 6, 2014, https://lincolnandchurchill.org/churchill-d-day/. 3 William Manchester and Paul Reid, The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Defender of the Realm 1940-1965 (New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company, 2012), 87. 4 Richard M. Langworth, “‘Mirrored in the Pool of England:’ Churchill, Shakespeare, and Henry V,” The Churchill Project - Hillsdale College (blog), April 16, 2019, https:// winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/churchill-shakespeare-henry-v/. 5 Ibid. 6 Lewis E. Lehrman, Lincoln and Churchill: Statesmen at War (Guilford, CT: Stackpole Books, 2018), 77. 7 Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol. 1, The Birth of Britain (New York, NY: Dodd, Mead, & Company, 1958), 400. Note: British spelling has been preserved throughout in quotations by Churchill. 8 Lawrence Danson, “Henry V: King, Chorus, and Critics,” Shakespeare Quarterly 34, no. 1 (1983): 27–43, https://doi.org/10.2307/2870218. 9 Shakespeare, Henry V, ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine, Folger Shakespeare Library (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2020), III.i.1-3. Unless otherwise noted all subsequent references to Henry V are from this text and will appear parenthetically in the text and notes by act, scene, and line number. 10 Winston S. Churchill, Blood, Sweat, and Tears (New York< NY: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1941), 225. 11 Katherine Carter, Churchill’s Citadel: Chartwell and the Gatherings Before the Storm (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2024), 75, 80, 110, 210. See also Andrew Roberts, Churchill: Walking with Destiny (Viking, 2018), 301.
25 12 “Wit and Wisdom,” International Churchill Society, July 24, 2013, https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-124/wit-and-wisdom-9/. 13 “Conduct of the War. (Hansard, 8 May 1940),” accessed March 17, 2021, https://api. parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1940/may/08/conduct-of-the-war. 14 Winston S. Churchill, Onwards to Victory: War Speeches by the Right Honorable Winston S. Churchill, C.H., M.P., comp. Charles Eade (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company, 1944), 333. 15 Alan A. Stone, “For God and Country,” Psychiatric Times 22, no. 7 (June 1, 2005): 57, http://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=08932905&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%- 7CA133712374&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs. 16 Churchill, Blood, Sweat, 282. 17 Winston S. Churchill, “Every Man to His Post,” accessed June 7, 2025, https://www. nationalchurchillmuseum.org/every-man-to-his-post.html. 18 Peter Northouse, Leadership (Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2019), 171. 19 John Martin, et al., Action This Day: Working with Churchill, ed. John Wheeler-Bennett (London, England: St. Martin’s Press, 1969), 155. 20 E. A. Rauchut, “The Siege Oration in Branagh’s ‘Henry V,’” Shakespeare Bulletin 11, no. 1 (1993): 39–40, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26353620. 21 Ibid. 22 Jordi Coral, “'Maiden Walls That War Hath Never Entered': Rape and Post-Chivalric Military Culture in Shakespeare’s Henry V,” College Literature 44, no. 3 (June 22, 2017): 404–36, http://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00933139&v=2.1&it=r& id=GALE%7CA503309837&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs. 23 Maureen Audrey Potts, “The Rhetoric of Heroism: A Study of Shakespeare’s ‘Henry V’” (Ph.D., diss., Texas Woman’s University, 1980), https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/303080757/ abstract/DAC5D04EEB5C4465PQ/18. 24 Churchill, Onwards to Victory, 296-97. 25 Churchill, Blood, Sweat, 439-43. 26 Ibid. THE BARD AND THE BULLDOG
26 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY 27 Ibid. 28 Ibid. 29 Klaus Wiegrefe, “The Man Who Saved Europe: How Winston Churchill Stopped the Nazis - DER SPIEGEL,” accessed March 19, 2021, https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/the-man-who-saved-europe-how-winston-churchill-stopped-the-nazis-a-712259.html. 30 “The Original Notes For Winston Churchill’s Speech to Parliament of April 13, 1939, in Which He Presented His Comprehensive Assessment of the State of Europe and Britain, Warned of a ‘Darkening Scene,’ and Urged Britain to Wake Up,” The Raab Collection, accessed March 19, 2021, https://www.raabcollection.com/winston-churchill-autograph/winston-churchill-signed-original-notes-winston-churchills-speech. 31 Wiegrefe. 32 Allen Packwood, ed., “Sir Winston Churchill: A Biography,” Churchill College, accessed March 19, 2021, https://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/churchill-papers/churchill-biography/. 33 John R. Colville, “America’s National Churchill Museum: Winston Churchill Kemper Lecture Sir John R Colville, C.B., C.V.O.,” accessed March 19, 2021, https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/kemper-lecture-colville.html. 34 Mark Weber, “America’s National Churchill Museum: Winston Churchill Kemper Lecture Sir John R Colville, C.B., C.V.O.,” accessed March 19, 2021, https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/kemper-lecture-colville.html. 35 Eliot A. Cohen, The Hollow Crown: Shakespeare on How Leaders Rise, Rule, and Fall (New York< NY: Basic Books, 2023), 252. 36 Churchill, A History of the English Speaking Peoples, 404. 37 Dan Jones, Henry V: The Astonishing Triumph of England’s Greatest Warrior King (London, England: Viking, 2024), 243-53. 38 Ibid., 271. 39 Gary Yukl, Leadership in Organizations, 8th ed. (Boston: Pearson, 2013), 89-94. 40 While no exact reference can be found for Saint-Exupery’s quote, scholars point to section LXXV of Saint-Exupery’s 1948 work entitled Citadelle as the source of ideas that frame the quotation.
27 41 Robert I. Rotberg, “The Need for Strengthened Political Leadership,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 652 (2014): 238–56, https:// www.jstor.org/stable/24541726. 42 Ronald I. Cohen, “The Bravest Deed I Ever Saw,” International Churchill Society, accessed March 26, 2021, https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-183/the-bravest-deed-i-ever-saw/. 43 Winston S. Churchill, “America’s National Churchill Museum: Winston Churchill Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat Speech,” accessed March 20, 2021, https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/blood-toil-tears-and-sweat.html. 44 Winston S. Churchill, “We Shall Fight on the Beaches,” International Churchill Society, June 4, 1940, https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1940-the-finest-hour/ we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches/. 45 Churchill, Blood, Sweat, 347-48. 46 Churchill, Onwards to Victory, 17. 47 Manchester and Reid, 82. 48 Ibid., 1032. THE BARD AND THE BULLDOG
28 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY Reframing Leadership: The Impact of Introverted Archetypes on Leadership Beliefs Mario Stresow, Ph.D. Dr. Mario Stresow (Leadership Studies, '23) is SVP, Sr. HR Business Partner at Triumph Financial in Coppell, Texas. Despite the success of introverted leaders like Warren Buffett, Mark Zuckerberg, and Elon Musk, who have led top Standard & Poor’s 500 companies, leadership research and selection processes often favor extraverts.1 Extraversion is strongly associated with leader emergence, yet introverts may offer unique leadership advantages (e.g., exceeding board expectations as CEO when compared to their extraverted peers).2 The assumption that leadership equates to extraversion can skew selection processes, development programs, and leadership pipelines, often favoring outspoken individuals over those with reflective dispositions. This study investigates whether exposure to introverted leader archetypes can enhance introverts’ self-perceptions about leadership. Specifically, the study examines two leadership belief constructs that are antecedents to leader emergence: Leadership Self-Efficacy (LSE)—the belief in one’s ability to lead3—and Affective-Identity Motivation to Lead (MTL)—the enjoyment derived from leading.4 By examining these constructs, the study illuminates how introverted role models can enhance introverts’ confidence and desire to lead, potentially addressing biases in leadership development. Given that the global decline in labor supply can adversely affect leadership pipelines, it is essential for organizations to broaden their approaches to leader selection.5 Research has shown leadership selection processes often overlook introverts due to an “extrovert ideal,”6 despite their proven effectiveness. While extraversion’s link to leader emergence is well-studied, there is little research on what shapes introverts’ leadership beliefs. LSE and MTL are antecedents to leader emergence,7 and symbolic modeling through introverted leader archetypes
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy ODc4ODgx